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Now let a single electron tunnel through the insulating layer from the negative terminal to the positive terminal, such that charge Q + qe resides on the top plate, and ‐Q ‐ qe . resides on the bottom plate.
If, rather than having a single‐electron tunnel, we assume that n electrons tunnel as a group, i.e.
Electron tunneling allows a discrete number of electrons to accumulate on the island, and so
Let one electron tunnel onto the island through junction b.
Upon the electron tunneling onto the island through junction b, the change in the total energy (the change in the stored energy minus the work done ) is
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